Electronic Supplement 9
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Organisms
Diversity & Evolution 5 (2005) Electronic Supplement 9 |
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Charles D. Bell, Michael J. Donoghue:
Phylogeny and biogeography
of Valerianaceae (Dipsacales) with special reference to the South American
valerians.
print version: Org. Divers. Evol. 5(2): 147-159. 2005 (full
article)
electr. suppl.:
Table. Taxa, vouchers, and GenBank accession
numbers. pdf-format, 250 KB
Abstract:
Species of Valerianaceae are a common component of
the alpine flora throughout the Northern Hemisphere as well as the Andes of
South America. Sequence data from three chloroplast markers
(psbA-trnH intron, trnK-matK intron, and the
trnL-F region) along with the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS)
of nuclear ribosomal DNA were used to infer relationships within Valerianaceae.
Both genomes, as well as a combined data set, provide support for the major
clades within the group and do not support a monophyletic Valeriana. In
addition, these data indicate that Plectritis is nested within South
American Valeriana, as opposed to being sister to Centhranthus as
previously hypothesized. Valerianaceae appear to have originated in Asia,
probably in the Himalayas, and subsequently to have dispersed several times to
Europe and to the New World. Our results imply that Valerianaceae colonized
South America on multiple occasions from the north. In one of these cases there
appears to have been a substantial and rapid radiation, primarily in the high
elevation paramo habitat. A variety of methods were used to estimate divergence
times to determine when Valerianaceae might have colonized South America.
Regardless of the method and fossil constraints applied, our estimates suggest
that Valerianaceae colonized South America prior to the formation of the
Isthmus of Panama.
Key words: Andes; Biogeography; Maximum likelihood; Phylogenetic systematics; South America; Valerianaceae
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